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Pablo Capilla-Lasheras
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ORIGINALRESEARCH published:16June2017 doi:10.3389/fevo.2017.00064 FrontiersinEcologyandEvolution|www.frontiersin.org 1 June2017|Volume5|Article64 Editedby: CarolineIsaksson, LundUniversity,Sweden Reviewedby: AdamMichaelFudickar, IndianaUniversityBloomington, UnitedStates MartaSzulkin, UniversityofWarsaw,Poland *Correspondence: PabloCapilla-Lasheras p.capilla@exeter.ac.uk Specialtysection: Thisarticlewassubmittedto BehavioralandEvolutionaryEcology, asectionofthejournal FrontiersinEcologyandEvolution Received: 25February2017 Accepted: 31May2017 Published: 16June2017 Citation: Capilla-LasherasP,DominoniDM, BabayanSA,O’ShaughnessyPJ, MladenovaM,WoodfordL, PollockCJ,BarrT,BaldiniFand HelmB(2017)ElevatedImmuneGene ExpressionIsAssociatedwithPoor ReproductiveSuccessofUrbanBlue Tits.Front.Ecol.Evol.5:64. doi:10.3389/fevo.2017.00064 ElevatedImmuneGeneExpressionIs AssociatedwithPoorReproductive SuccessofUrbanBlueTits PabloCapilla-Lasheras 1,2 * ,DavideM.Dominoni 2,3 ,SimonA.Babayan 2 ,PeterJ.O’Shaughnessy 2 ,MagdalenaMladenova 2 ,LukeWoodford 2 ,ChristopherJ.Pollock 2 ,TomBarr 4 ,FrancescoBaldini 2 andBarbaraHelm 2 1 CentreforEcologyandConservation,CollegeofLifeandEnv ironmentalSciences,UniversityofExeter,Penryn,United Kingdom, 2 InstituteofBiodiversity,AnimalHealthandComparativeMe dicine,UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,United Kingdom, 3 DepartmentofAnimalEcology,NetherlandsInstituteofEcol ogy,Wageningen,Netherlands, 4 InstituteofInfection, ImmunityandInmmation,UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,Uni tedKingdom Urbanandforesthabitatsdifferinmanyaspectsthatcanlea dtomodicationsofthe immunesystemofwildanimals.Alteredparasitecommunitie s,pollution,andarticial lightatnightincitieshavebeenassociatedwithexacerbat edinammatoryresponses, withpossiblynegativetnessconsequences,butfewdataar eavailablefromfree-living animals.Here,weinvestigatehowurbanizationaffectsmaj orimmunepathwaysand experimentallytestpotentiallycontributingfactorsinb luetits( Cyanistescaeruleus )from anurbanandforestsite.Werstcomparedbreedingadultsby quantifyingthemRNA transcriptlevelsofproteinsassociatedwithanti-bacter ial,anti-malarial(TLR4,LY86) andanti-helminthic(Type2transcriptionfactorGATA3)im muneresponses.Adulturban andforestbluetitsdifferedingeneexpression,withsigni cantlyincreased TLR4 and GATA3 ,butnot LY86 ,inthecity.Wethenexperimentallytestedwhetherthesedi fferences wereenvironmentallyinducedbycross-fosteringeggsbetw eenthesitesandmeasuring mRNAtranscriptsinnestlings.Thepopulationsdifferedin reducedreproductivesuccess, withaloweredgingsuccessandloweredglingweightrecor dedattheurbansite. Thismirrorsthendingsofourtwinstudyreportingthatthe urbansitewasseverely resourcelimitedwhencomparedtotheforest.Becauseoflow urbansurvival,robust geneexpressiondatawereonlyobtainedfromnestlingsrear edintheforest.Transcript levelsinthesenestlingsshowedno( TLR4 , LY86 ),orweak( GATA3 ),differencesaccording totheiroriginfromforestorcitynests,suggestinglittle geneticormaternalcontribution tonestlingimmunetranscriptlevels.Lastly,toinvestiga tedifferencesinparasitepressure betweenurbanandforestsites,wemeasuredtheprevalenceo fmalariainadultand nestlingblood.Prevalencewasinvariablyhighacrossenvi ronmentsandnotassociated withthetranscriptlevelsofthestudiedimmunegenes.Ourr esultssupportthehypothesis thatinammatorypathwaysareactivatedinanurbanenviron mentandsuggestthatthese differencesaremostlikelyinducedbyenvironmentalfacto rs. Keywords:urbanecology,inammation,immunity,geneexpressi on,bluetits,TLR4,LY86,GATA3
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