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155 AIRSPACE IN AN AGE OF DRONES TROY A. RULE * INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………….. 156 I. THE GROWING CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING DOMESTIC DRONES … 159 A. The Burgeoning Domestic Drone Industry ……………………………. 160 B. Escalating Conflicts and Confusion …………………………………….. 163 C. An Ambiguity in Property Law ……………………………………………. 165 1. Causby v. United States : Partial Clarification of Airspace Rights …………………………………………………………… 166 2. Unanswered Questions in Causby™ s Wake ………………………. 168 D. Drone Technologies Now Reviving the Debate ……………………… 169 1. Drones and Aerial Trespass …………………………………………… 170 2. Government Drones and Takings Law ……………………………. 171 3. Drone-Assisted Searches and the Fourth Amendment ………. 172 II. LOW-ALTITUDE AIRSPACE RIGHTS : A PROPERTY THEORY PERSPECTIVE …………………………………………………………………………… 174 A. The Private Property System for Surface Land ……………………… 174 1. Clearly Defined Parcel Boundaries ………………………………… 175 2. A Strict Liability Exclusion Regime ………………………………. 176 B. The Regulated Commons System for High-Altitude Airspace …………………………………………………………………………… 179 C. Internally Inconsistent Rules for Low-Altitude Airspace …………. 182 1. A Predominance of Exclusion Rules ………………………………. 182 2. Governance Rules for Conflict s Involving Aircraft ………….. 184 III. CLARIFYING AIRSPACE EXCLUSION RIGHTS IN RESPONSE TO MODERN DRONES …………………………………………………………………….. 186 A. A Proposal for Greater Precision in Airspace Rights …………….. 187 B. Conditions Ripe for Strengthening Low-Altitude Airspace Rights ………………………………………………………………………………. 189 1. Sizable Potential Gains through Internalization of Externalities ………………………………………………………………… 189 2. Innovations Driving Down the Co sts of Internalization …….. 193 3. Other Factors Supporting a Switc h to Exclusion Rules ……… 194 IV. AIRSPACE EXCLUSION RIGHTS LAWS AS PART OF A COORDINATED REGULATORY REGIME FOR DOMESTIC DRONES …………………………… 197 A. Federal Safety Standards and GPS Registration *Associate Professor of Law, Sandra Day O™ Connor College of Law. Many thanks to Karen Bradshaw-Schulz, Laura Coordes, Zack Gubler, Dennis Karjala, Rhett Larson, and Kaipo Matsumura for their valuable input on early versions of this Article.
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