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ISSN 1355-6215 print/ISSN 1369-1600 online/02/040357-08• Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs T aylor & Francis Ltd DOI: 10.1080/1355621021000005937Addiction B iolog y ( 2002 ) 7, 357 Œ 364 Correspondence to: T orsten Passie, Medical School Hannover ( Germany ) , Department of Clinical Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany . T el: 0049 511 5323517; Fax: 0049 511 5322415; E-mail: dr.passie@gmx.deReceived for publication 15th October 2001. Accepted 30th May 2002. INVITED REVIE W The pharmacology of psilocybi n TORSTEN P ASSIE, JUERGEN SEIFERT , UDO SCHNEIDER & HINDERK M. EMRICH Department of Clinical Psychiat r y and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hannover, Hannover , Germany Abstract Psilocybin ( 4-phospho r yloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamin e ) is the major psychoactive alkaloid of some species of mushrooms distributed worldwide. These mushrooms represent a growing problem regarding hallucinogenic dru g abuse. Despite its experimental medical use in the 1960s, only very few pharmacological data about psilocybi n were known until recently. B ecause of its still growing capacity for abuse and the widely dispersed data thi s review presents all the available pharmacological data about psilocybin . IntroductionPsilocybin-containing mushrooms are one of the major hallucinogenic drugs of abuse today . These mushroom species are distributed worldwide 1 and their abuse potential produces partially harmful effects in a growing population of psy- chedelic drug users. 2 No physical damage but many psychiatric complications have been repor- ted worldwide. 3 Recent research has been repor- ted on the treatment of compulsive disorders in humans with psilocybin;4 therefore, it is impor- tant to know the essential pharmacological data about psilocybin.Despite the fact that pure synthetic psilocybin ( Indocybin ® Sandoz ) was used and marketed for experimental and psychotherapeutic purposes in the 1960s, until recently only limited pharmaco- logical data were available. In recent years some experimental psychophysiological studies were performed in which human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of psilocybin were explored further. 5 Œ 1 0 Because of the widely dis- persed material about the pharmacological prop- erties of psilocybin, old and new data are reviewed here. It should be noted that character- ization of the complex psychopathological phe- nomena inudced is not in the focus of this review . Pharmacology of psilocybi n Psilocybin ( 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryp-tamine ) is a substituted indolealkylamine and belongs to the group of hallucinogenic trypta- mines. Psilocybin was isolated from Central American mushrooms ( Psilocybe mexican a ) by the renowned Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in 1957, and in 1958 was produced synthetically for the first time. 1 1 It has been found in many species of mushrooms worldwide 1 ( Fig. 1 ) .
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