The length of the document below is: 20 page(s) long
The self-declared author(s) is/are:
The subject is as follows:
Subject: Original authors did not specify.
The original URL is: LINK
The access date was:
Access date: 2019-04-10 14:58:57.093164
Please be aware that this may be under copyright restrictions. Please send an email to admin@pharmacoengineering.com for any AI-generated issues.
Loading...
Reload document 
Open in new tab The content is as follows:
TheCryosphere,11,497Œ
516
,2017
www.the-cryosphere.net/11/497/2017/
doi:10.5194/tc-11-497-2017
©Author(s)2017.CCAttribution3.0License.
Surfaceenergybudgetresponsestoradiative
forcingatSummit,Greenland
NathanielB.Miller
1
,
2
,MatthewD.Shupe
1
,
2
,ChristopherJ.Cox
1
,
2
,DavidNoone
3
,P.OlaG.Persson
1
,
2
,and
KonradSteffen
4
1
CooperativeInstituteforResearchinEnvironmentalScience,UniversityofColorado,Boulder,Colorado,USA
2
NOAA-ESRL,Boulder,Colorado,USA
3
CollegeofEarth,Ocean,andAtmosphericSciences,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR,USA
4
SwissFederalResearchInstituteWSL,Birmensdorf,Switzerland
Correspondenceto:
NathanielB.Miller(millernb@colorado.edu)
Received:1September2016ŒDiscussionstarted:23September2016
Revised:22December2016ŒAccepted:19January2017ŒPublished:13February2017
Abstract.
GreenlandIceSheetsurfacetemperaturesarecon-
trolledbyanexchangeofenergyatthesurface,whichin-
cludesradiative,turbulent,andgroundheates.Datacol-
lectedbymultipleprojectsareleveragedtocalculateallsur-
faceenergybudget(SEB)termsatSummit,Greenland,for
thefullannualcyclefromJuly2013toJune2014andex-
tendtolongerperiodsfortheradiativeandturbulentSEB
terms.Radiativeesaremeasureddirectlybyasuiteof
broadbandradiometers.Turbulentsensibleheatisesti-
matedviathebulkaerodynamicandeddycorrelationmeth-
ods,andtheturbulentlatentheatiscalculatedviaatwo-
levelapproachusingmeasurementsat10and2m.Thesub-
surfaceheatiscalculatedusingastringofthermistors
buriedinthesnowpack.Extensivequality-controldatapro-
cessingproducedadatasetinwhichalltermsoftheSEB
arepresent75%ofthefullannualcycle,despitetheharsh
conditions.Byincludingastoragetermforanear-surface
layer,theSEBisbalancedinthisdatasettowithinthe
aggregateduncertaintiesfortheindividualterms.Novem-
berandAugustcasestudiesillustratethatsurfaceradiative
forcingisdrivenbysynopticallyforcedcloudcharacteris-
tics,especiallybylow-level,liquid-bearingclouds.Thean-
nualcycleandseasonaldiurnalcyclesofallSEBcompo-
nentsindicatethatthenon-radiativetermsareanticorrelated
tochangesinthetotalradiativeandarehencerespond-
ingtocloudradiativeforcing.Generally,thenon-radiative
SEBtermsandtheupwellinglongwaveradiationcomponent
compensateforchangesindownwellingradiation,although
exactpartitioningofenergyintheresponsetermsvarieswith
seasonandnear-surfacecharacteristicssuchasstabilityand
moistureavailability.Substantialsurfacewarmingfromlow-
levelcloudstypicallyleadstoachangefromaverystableto
aweaklystablenear-surfaceregimewithnosolarradiation
orfromaweaklystabletoneutral/unstableregimewithsolar
radiation.Relationshipsbetweenforcingtermsandrespond-
ingsurfaceesshowthattheupwellinglongwaveradi-
ationproduces65Œ85%(50Œ60%)ofthetotalresponsein
thewinter(summer)andthenon-radiativetermscompensate
fortheremainingchangeinthecombineddownwellinglong-
waveandnetshortwaveradiation.Becausemeltconditions
arerarelyreachedatSummit,theserelationshipsaredoc-
umentedforconditionsofsurfacetemperaturebelow0
C,
withandwithoutsolarradiation.Thisisthetimethat
forcingandresponsetermrelationshipshavebeeninvesti-
gatedindetailfortheGreenlandSEB.Theseresultsshould
bothadvanceunderstandingofprocessrelationshipsoverthe
GreenlandIceSheetandbeusefulformodelvalidation.
1Introduction
TheexchangeofenergyattheGreenlandIceSheet(GIS)sur-
facemustbethoroughlycharacterizedtofullyunderstandthe
processesthatgovernsurfacetemperaturevariability,which
isimportantinmonitoringandmodelingicesheetmassbal-
ance(
Box
,
2013
).Observationssuggestnear-surfacetem-
Please note all content on this page was automatically generated via our AI-based algorithm (BishopKingdom ID: 0qiVVC6EaUvcw6iYq1OE). Please let us know if you find any errors.