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BULL THISTLE (Cirsium vulgare) Description:
Bull thistle, also referred to as spear thistle,
Fuller™s thistle and lance-leafed thistle, is a member of the
Asteraceae or sunflower family.
Bull thistle can grow 2 to 5
feet tall with numerous spreadi
ng branches. Stems of the plant
are sparsely hairy, irregularl
y and spiny winged, green or brownish in color with purple veins. Leaf margins are double
dentate (toothed and toothed again), each ending in a lone stiff spine. The leaf surface of the
plant has a distinct center vein
with slight pubescence on the topside and more underneath
.
Flower heads are usually solit
ary on the end of each stem,
gumdrop-shaped, one to two inches
tall with long, stiff, yellow
tipped spines. Flowers are generally bright purple but sometimes white in color. Seeds are light-colored with dark
brown to black longitudinal stripes. Seeds are generally 1/16 inch long, oblong, somewhat flattened or curved, with a long,
white, hairy plume.
Plant Images:
Distribution and Habitat: This thistle is generally found in the
northern and eastern counties in North Dakota and is the least serious of the introduced thistles in the state. The plant thrives in moist soils and
is less common on sand and pure clay soils. Typical
habitats include disturbed or degraded land, such as roadsides, fence rows, overgrazed pastures and rangelands, eroded gullies, ditch banks and vacant lots.
Life History/Ecology: Bull thistle is a biennial
that reproduces and spreads solely by seed production. Germination of the plant o
ccurs in the spring or during the fall in response to adequate soil moisture.
During the first year, plants
grow as a rosette and de
velop a fleshy taproot that does not creep like Canada thistle. Developing rosettes may grow slow
ly in winter or cease growth altogether during severe cold. By the second growing season, plants resume growth and bolt. Bull
thistle flowers from July to September
and may bear
10 to 200 flower heads per plant. Bull thistle averages 100 seeds per flower head, but may
produce up to 350 under ideal environmental conditions.
A healthy plant may produce 5,000 to 50,000 seeds.Bull thistle
Rosette
LeafGumdro
p-sha
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