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Never again

:

International intervention in B

osnia and Herzegovina

1

July 2017

David Harland

2

1

This study is one of a series commissioned as part of an ongoing

UK Government Stabilisation Unit project

relating to elite bargains and political deals. The project is exploring how national and international interventions

have and have not been effective in fostering and sustaining political deals and elite bargains;

and whether or

not these political deals and elite bargains have helped reduce violence, increased local, regional and national

stability and contributed to the strengthening of the re

levant political settlement. This

is a ‘working paper’ and

the views cont

ained within do not necessarily represent those of HMG.

2

Dr David Harland is Executive Director of the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. He served as a witness f

or the

Prosecution at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in the cas

es

of

The Prosecutor versus

,

, and others.

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File-AccessPatternsofData-IntensiveWw

ApplicationsandtheirImplicationstoDistributed

Filesystems

TakeshiShibata

UniversityofTokyo

DepartmentofInformationand

CommunicationEngineering

GraduateSchoolof

InformationScienceand

Technology

shibata@logos.ic.i.u-

tokyo.ac.jp

SungJunChoi

UniversityofTokyo

DepartmentofInformationand

CommunicationEngineering

GraduateSchoolof

InformationScienceand

Technology

demyan@logos.ic.i.u-

tokyo.ac.jp

KenjiroTaura

UniversityofTokyo

DepartmentofInformationand

CommunicationEngineering

GraduateSchoolof

InformationScienceand

Technology

tau@logos.ic.i.u-

tokyo.ac.jp

ABSTRACT

Thispaperstudiesereal-worlddataintensiveworkow

applicationsinthesofnaturallanguageprocessing,as-

tronomyimageanalysis,andwebdataanalysis.Datain-

tensivewoowsareincreasinglybecomingimportantap-

plicationsforclusterandGridenvironments.Theyopen

newchallengestovariouscomponentsofwoowexecution

environmentsincludingjobdispatchers,schedulers,esys-

tems,andstagingtools.Thekeystoachievinghighper-

formanceareientdatasharingamongexecutinghosts

andlocality-awareschedulingthatreducestheamountof

datatransfer.Whilemuchworkhasbeendoneonschedul-

ingwoows,manyofthemusesyntheticorrandomwork-

load.Assuch,theirimpactsonrealworkloadsarelargely

unknown.Understandingcharacteristicsofreal-worldwork-

owapplicationsisarequiredsteptopromoteresearchin

thisarea.Tothisend,weanalysereal-worldwoowappli-

cationsfocusingontheiraccesspatternsandsummarize

theirimplicationstoschedulersandesystem/stagingde-

signs.

Keywords

woowapplications,distributedesystems

1.INTRODUCTION

Worw

facilitatesintegrationofindividuallydeveloped

executables,makingparallelprocessingreadilyaccessibleto

domainexperts.Thusithasbecomeanimportantdisci-

plineinvarioussincludingnaturalscience,engineering,

andinformationprocessing.Manysystemsforexecuting

woowshavebeendeveloped[1,2,3].Morerecently,

programmingparadigmsandsystemsspcallydesigned

forlargedataprocessingsuchasMapReduce[4],Hadoop

1

,

andDryad[5]

2

madeitpopulartoutilizeparallelprocess-

ingwithoutaninvolvedrtofparallelprogramming.An

obviouscommongoalofthesesystemsisientexecution

ofwoows.Tothisend,therehavebeensonvarious

componentsofworkowenginesincludingschedulingalgo-

rithms[6,7,8,9,10,11,12],datatransfers[13,14],and

fastdispatchers[15].Therearesfocusingonschedul-

ingwithdatatransfercoststakenintoaccount[16,17,18,

19]Agoodsurveyonschedulingalgorithmisin[20].

Despitetheirimportance,practicalevaluationofwoow

systemshavebeenrareandremaindiult,mainlydueto

lackofcommonlyaccessiblebenchmarks.Evenwithareal

application,translatingtheresultonaparticularplatform

intoagenerallyacceptableobservationonworkowsystems

isdiultbecauseperformanceofawoowdependson

somanycomponentsoftheenvironmentsuchasnodes,net-

works,systems,andsoon.Thisisparticularlysobe-

causewoowstypicallyconsistofmanysequentialexe-

cutableseachofwhichmayhaveunknownsensitivitiesto

theirenvironments.Mostexistingstudiesonschedulingal-

gorithmsthereforehavebeenbasedonsimulationwithsyn-

theticworkloadssuchasrandomlygeneratedtaskgraphs.

Bharathietal.[21]isoneofthefewstudiesthatsystemat-

icallycharacterizesseveralrealworkowapplications.The

presentpapersharesthesamespiritastheirs,butpaysa

specialattentiontoIOeaccess)behaviorsofapplications.

Asingleworkowgenerallyconsistsofasetoftaskseach

ofwhichmaycommunicatewith(i.e.dependsonorisde-

pendedupon)anothertaskinthewoow.Sinceatask

istypicallyasequential(singlenode)application,adata

transferamongtasksisgenerallyhandledbythewoow

system.Datamaybeimplicitlytransferredviaashared

esystemorexplicitlymovedbyastagingsubsystem.Ei-

thercase,theygenerallygothroughasecondarystorageto

ensureacertaindegreeoffaulttolerance|thatawoow

1

http://hadoop.apache.org/

2

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THE HAUNTING OF

FATIMAH ROCK

: HISTORY,

EMBODIMENT AND SPECTRAL URBANISM IN

SINGAPORE

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

2009

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GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING

HISTORIC RESOURCE

S

S

URVEY

IN VIRGINIA

October

201

1

Revised

September

201

7

Virginia

Department of Historic Resources

2801 Kensington Avenue

Richmond, Virginia 23221

(804) 367

–

2323

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–

–

evit

Insider

Insider

Insider

–

–

–

—

–

evit

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YOUR GUIDE TO

Lowering Your

Cholesterol With TLCU.S. DEPARTMENTOFHEALTHANDHUMANSERVICES

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The Future of Artificial Intelligence

Andrew Boyarsky, MSM, PMP

Clinical Associate Professor, and Academic Director of the MS in Enterprise Risk Management,

Katz School of Graduate

and Professional Studies

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