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United States Office Of WaterSeptember 2000Environmental Protection Agency 4304LEGIONELLA : DRINKING WATER FACT SHEET GENERAL INFORMATION Legionella are small gram-negative rod- shaped bacteria. Over 40 individual species of Legionellaare known. The majority of human infections are caused by the species Legionellapneumophila. Legionella pneumophila was firstdiscovered following a pneumoniaoutbreak at the 1976 Convention of the American Legion in Philadelphia. The species Legionella pneumophila is divided into sixteen subgroups (called serogroups).HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS There are two forms of Legionellosis, pontiac fever and the more severe Legionnarires™ Disease. Pontiac Fever: Pontiac fever is a less severe form of Legionellosis which is charaterized by flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain) lasting 2-5 days.Legionnaires™ Disease: Legionnaires™ disease is a potentially fatal illness involving pneumonia. Early symptoms include muscle pain, loss of appetite, headache, high fever, dry cough, chills, confusion, disorientation, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Later symptoms include chest pain and difficulty breathing. It is difficult to distinguish this disease from other pneumonias. Early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important. Treatment consists of intravenous administration of antibiotics. HEALTH EFFECTS IN ANIMALS There are no reports of naturally infected animals. Scientists may artificially infect experimental animals (such as guinea pigs and gerbils) with Legionella to study disease.ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILEEcology: Legionella are mostcommonly found in water, including groundwater, fresh and marine surface waters, and potable (treated) water. Legionella are protectedagainist standard water disinfection techniques, by their symbioticrelations with latermicroorganisms .Occurrence: Legionella are relatively resistant to standard water disinfection procedures and, can occur in potable water. These bacteria have beenfound in water distribution systems of hospitals, hotels, clubs, public buildings, homes, and factories.
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