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FROMTHECRADLETOTHELABORMARKET?THE

EFFECTOFBIRTHWEIGHTONADULTOUTCOMES*

SANDRAE.B

LACKPAULJ.D

EVEREUXKJELLG.S

ALVANESLowerbirthweightbabieshaveworseoutcomes,bothshort-runintermsof

one-yearmortalityratesandlongerrunintermsofeducationalattainmentand

earnings.However,recentresearchhascalledintoquestionwhetherbirthweight

itselfisimportantorwhetheritsimplyreßectsotherhard-to-measurecharacter-

istics.Byapplyingwithintwintechniquesusinganunusuallyrichdatasetfrom

Norway,weexaminetheeffectsofbirthweightonbothshort-runandlong-run

outcomesforthesamecohorts.WeÞndthatbirthweightdoesmatter;despite

short-runtwinÞxedeffectsestimatesthataremuchsmallerthanOLSestimates,

theeffectsonlonger-runoutcomessuchasadultheight,IQ,earnings,andedu-

cationaresigniÞcantandsimilarinmagnitudetoOLSestimates.

I.I

NTRODUCTIONLowerbirthweightbabieshaveworseoutcomes,bothshort-

runintermsofone-yearmortalityratesandlongerruninterms

ofeducationalattainmentandearnings.Butisthisrelationship

causal?Recentresearchhasprovidedconßictingevidence,leav-

inguswonderingwhetherbirthweightitselfisimportantor

whetheritsimplyreßectsotherhard-to-measurecharacteristics.

Understandingboththeshort-runandlong-runeffectsof

birthweightisimportantfromanumberofperspectives.Onthe

policyside,governmentshaveimplementedanumberofpolicies

toimprovethehealthofbabiesand,hence,theirlateroutcomes.

Consider,forexample,theWomen,Infants,andChildrenPro-

gram(WIC)intheUnitedStates,afederallyfundedprogramthat

providesnutritioncounselingandsupplementalfoodforpregnant

*BlackandDevereuxgratefullyacknowledgeÞnancialsupportfromthe

NationalScienceFoundationandtheCaliforniaCenterforPopulationResearch.

SalvanesthankstheNorwegianResearchcouncilforÞnancialsupport.Weare

gratefultotheMedicalBirthRegistryofNorwayforprovidingthebirthrecords

data.WethankMarianneBitler,AmitabhChandra,AnneDaltveit,SusanDy-

narski,KanikaKapur,LindaLoury,PerMagnus,andOleMartinSundetforvery

usefuldiscussionsandseminarparticipantsattheFederalReserveBankofNew

York,BostonCollege,BrownUniversity,PrincetonUniversity,UCDDublin,

TuftsUniversity,CEPRUpsala,StockholmUniversity,Socialforskningsinstitut-

tetCopenhagen,Warwick,Essex,MaynoothCollege,TrinityCollegeDublin,

QueensUniversityBelfast,UniversityCollegeLondon,LondonSchoolofEconom-

ics,UniversityofAmsterdam,UniversityofBergen,andCOSTParisforhelpful

comments.ThisresearchwasconductedwhileBlackwasonleaveattheIndus-

trialRelationsSectionatPrincetonUniversity.

©2007bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollegeandtheMassachusettsInstituteof

Technology.

TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics,

February2007

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Beatrice Fischer, Matilde Nisbeth Jensen (eds.)

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The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S.

Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Strengthening Fo

rensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward

Author: Committee on Identifying the Needs of the

Forensic Sciences Community, National

Research Council Document No.: 228091

Date Received: August 2009

Award Number: 2006-DN-BX-0001

This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice.

To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally-

funded grant final report available electronically in addition to

traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those

of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect

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