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ARTICLE
INTERNATIONAL
journal ofCULTURAL
studiesCopyright © 2004 SAGE PublicationsLondon, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhiwww.sagepublications.com
Volume 7(3): 343Ð363DOI: 10.1177/1367877904046412Cultures of music piracy
An ethnographic comparison of the US andJapanIan CondryMassachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
ABSTRACT In 2003, the US recording industry, hoping to change what
some view as a Ôculture of piracyÕ, initiated lawsuits against its own consumers.
What is this culture of piracy and what is at stake in trying to change it? In this
article, I take an ethnographic look at music Þle-sharing, and compare the
situation in the US with Japan, the second largest music market in the world. My
Þndings are based on Þeldwork in Tokyo, and surveys and discussions with US
college students. By considering the ways social dynamics and cultural
orientations guide uses of digital media technology, I argue that a legal and
political focus on ÔpiracyÕ ignores crucial aspects of Þle-sharing, and is misleading
in the assumptions it makes for policy. A focus on fan participation in media
success provides an alternative perspective on how to encourage ßourishing
music cultures.KEYWORDS ethnographyfan culturesÞle-sharinginternetJapanmusicpiracyUSThe battle over online music in the US turned ugly in the summer of 2003
when the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) initiated
lawsuits against its own consumers. Beginning in July, the RIAA issued
subpoenas to internet service providers demanding disclosure of the identi-
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